Isizinda somlando
Ngekhulu le-19, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo konxiwankulu, onxiwankulu babevame ukuxhaphaza abasebenzi ngonya ngokwandisa isikhathi sabasebenzi kanye nomfutho wabasebenzi ukuze bathole inani elanele elengeziwe ukuze bathole inzuzo. Abasebenzi basebenze amahora angaphezu kwayi-12 ngosuku kanti nezimo zokusebenza zazingezinhle kakhulu.
Ukwethulwa kosuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili
Ngemuva kwekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi ngenhlangano yama-Chartist, izinga lomzabalazo wesigaba sabasebenzi baseBrithani belilokhu likhula. Ngo-June 1847, iPhalamende LaseBrithani lashaya uMthetho Wosuku Lokusebenza wamahora ayishumi. Ngo-1856, abavukuzi begolide eMelbourne, eBritish Australia, basizakala ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezisebenzi futhi balwela amahora angu-8 ngosuku. Ngemva kweminyaka yawo-1870, izisebenzi zaseBrithani ezimbonini ezithile zawina usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalolunye. Ngo-September 1866, i-First International yabamba ingqungquthela yayo yokuqala e-Geneva, lapho, ngesiphakamiso sikaMarx, "ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni kwesimiso somsebenzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuthuthukiseni ingqondo, amandla omzimba kanye nokukhululwa kokugcina kwesigaba sabasebenzi," isinqumo "sokulwela amahora ayisishiyagalombili osuku lokusebenza." Kusukela lapho, abasebenzi kuwo wonke amazwe balwe nonxiwankulu usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili.
Ngo-1866, i-Geneva Conference of the First International yaphakamisa isiqubulo sosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Emzabalazweni wenhlangano yabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, isigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika sahola. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yombango YaseMelika ngawo-1860, izisebenzi zaseMelika zabeka ngokucacile isiqubulo esithi “ukulwela usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili”. Isiqubulo sasakazeka ngokushesha futhi saba nethonya elikhulu.
Iqhutshwa yinhlangano yezabasebenzi yaseMelika, ngo-1867, izifunda eziyisithupha zashaya imithetho egunyaza usuku lomsebenzi lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Ngo-June 1868, i-United States Congress yenza umthetho wokuqala wenhlangano ngosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili emlandweni waseMelika, okwenza usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili lusebenze kubasebenzi bakahulumeni. Ngo-1876, iNkantolo Ephakeme yawuchitha umthetho wombuso ngosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili.
Ngo-1877 kwaba nesiteleka sokuqala sikazwelonke emlandweni waseMelika. Isigaba sabasebenzi singene emigwaqweni sikhombisa uhulumeni ukuthi enze ngcono izimo zokusebenza nempilo futhi sifune ukuncishiswa kwamahora okusebenza kanye nokwethulwa kosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu evela enhlanganweni yabasebenzi, uKhongolose waseMelika waphoqeleka ukuthi ushaye lo mthetho wamahora ayisishiyagalombili, kodwa lo mthetho wagcina usuphenduke incwadi efile.
Ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1880, umzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili waba yindaba esemqoka enhlanganweni yabasebenzi baseMelika. Ngo-1882, abasebenzi baseMelika bahlongoza ukuthi uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba uqokwe njengosuku lwemibhikisho yasemgwaqweni, futhi bakulwela ngokungakhathali lokhu. Ngo-1884, umhlangano we-AFL wanquma ukuthi uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba kuzoba usuku lukazwelonke lokuphumula kwabasebenzi. Yize lesi sinqumo singahlangene ngqo nomzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, kodwa sawufaka umfutho emzabalazweni owathatha amahora ayisishiyagalombili. ICongress kwadingeka iphasise umthetho owenza uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba kube uSuku Lwabasebenzi. NgoZibandlela wezi-1884, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa komzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, i-AFL nayo yenza isinqumo esiyingqophamlando: “Izinyunyana Ezihlelekile Zabasebenzi kanye Nezinhlangano Zabasebenzi e-United States naseCanada zinqume ukuthi, kusukela ngoMeyi. 1, 1886, usuku lokuSebenza ngokusemthethweni kuzoba amahora ayisishiyagalombili, futhi batusa kuzo zonke izinhlangano zezabaSebenzi esiFundeni ukuthi zingaguqula izinqubo zazo ukuze zihambisane nalesi sinqumo ngosuku olushiwo.”
Ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwenhlangano yabasebenzi
Ngo-Okthoba 1884, amaqembu ayisishiyagalombili ezisebenzi zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezizwe zonke e-United States naseCanada abamba umhlangano eChicago, e-United States, ukuze alwele ukufezeka "kosuku lomsebenzi wamahora ayisishiyagalombili", futhi anquma ukuqala umzabalazo obanzi, futhi yanquma ukubamba ukhukhulelangoqo wesiteleka ngoMeyi 1, 1886, iphoqa onxiwankulu ukuthi basebenzise usuku lomsebenzi lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Isigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika ezweni lonke sasekela futhi sasabela ngentshiseko, futhi izinkulungwane zabasebenzi emadolobheni amaningi zajoyina umzabalazo.
Isinqumo se-AFL sithole ukusabela okujabulisayo kubasebenzi kulo lonke elase-United States. Kusukela ngo-1886, isigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika siye sabamba imibhikisho, iziteleka, kanye nokuduba ukuphoqa abaqashi ukuthi basebenzise usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili ngoMeyi 1. Umzabalazo wafinyelela isiphetho ngoMeyi. NgoMeyi 1, 1886, izisebenzi ezingu-350 000 eChicago nakwamanye amadolobha ase-United States zabamba isiteleka kanye nombhikisho, zifuna ukuqaliswa kosuku lokusebenza lwamahora angu-8 kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokusebenza. Isaziso sesiteleka se-United Workers sithi, “Sukumani, basebenzi baseMelika! Meyi 1, 1886 beka phansi amathuluzi akho, ubeke phansi umsebenzi wakho, uvale izimboni zakho nezimayini usuku olulodwa ngonyaka. Lolu usuku lokuhlubuka, hhayi ukuzijabulisa! Lolu akulona usuku lapho uhlelo lokugqilazwa kwezabasebenzi emhlabeni lunqunywa umkhulumeli odelelayo. Lolu wusuku lapho abasebenzi bezenzela eyabo imithetho futhi benamandla okuyisebenzisa! … Lolu wusuku engiqala ngalo ukujabulela amahora ayisishiyagalombili okusebenza, amahora ayisishiyagalombili okuphumula, namahora ayisishiyagalombili okulawula kwami.
Izisebenzi zateleka, zakhubaza izimboni ezinkulu e-United States. Izitimela zayeka ukusebenza, izitolo zavalwa, nazo zonke izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zavalwa.
Kodwa isiteleka sacindezelwa yiziphathimandla zase-US, izisebenzi eziningi zabulawa futhi zaboshwa, futhi izwe lonke lazamazama. Ngokusekelwa okubanzi kombono womphakathi oqhubekayo emhlabeni kanye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo wesigaba sabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, uhulumeni wase-US wagcina ememezele ukuqaliswa kosuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili ngemva kwenyanga, futhi inhlangano yabasebenzi baseMelika yawina umklomelo wokuqala. ukunqoba.
Ukusungulwa koSuku Lomhlaba Lwezisebenzi lwangomhla lu-1 kuNhlaba
NgoJulayi 1889, i-Second International, eholwa ngu-Engels, yaba nengqungquthela eParis. Ukuze kukhunjulwe isiteleka se-“May Day” sabasebenzi baseMelika, sibonisa ukuthi “Izisebenzi zomhlaba, zihlangene!” Amandla amakhulu okugqugquzela umzabalazo wabasebenzi kuwo wonke amazwe osukwini lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili lokusebenza, umhlangano wakhipha isinqumo, ngoMeyi 1, 1890, abasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe babamba umbukiso, futhi banquma ukubeka umhla lu-1 kuNhlaba njengosuku lwe-International. Usuku Lwabasebenzi, manje oseluyi-“May 1 International Labor Day.”
Ngo-May 1, 1890, isigaba sabasebenzi eYurophu nase-United States sahola ekungeneni emigwaqweni sibambe imibhikisho emikhulu nemibuthano yokulwela amalungelo nezithakazelo zabo ezingokomthetho. Kusukela lapho kuya phambili, ngaso sonke isikhathi ngalolu suku, abantu abasebenzayo bawo wonke amazwe emhlabeni bazohlangana futhi benze umbukiso ukuze bagubhe.
I-May Day Labor Movement eRussia naseSoviet Union
Ngemva kokushona kuka-Engels ngo-August 1895, osomathuba ngaphakathi kwe-Second International baqala ukubusa, futhi amaqembu abasebenzi angaphansi kwe-Second International kancane kancane aphenduka amaqembu onxiwankulu. Ngemva kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, abaholi bala maqembu bakhaphela obala nakakhulu imbangela ye-proletarian internationalism kanye ne-socialism futhi baba ama-chauvinists ezenhlalakahle bevuna impi yama-imperialist. Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi “ukuvikela izwe lobaba,” bagqugquzela ngokungenamahloni abasebenzi bawo wonke amazwe ukuba bahlanganyele ekubulaleni okunobudlova ukuze kuzuze onxiwankulu babo. Ngakho-ke inhlangano ye-Second International yahlakazeka futhi uSuku lukaMeyi, uphawu lobumbano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe, lwaqedwa. Ngemva kokuphela kwempi, ngenxa yokudlondlobala kwenhlangano yoguquko lwabasebenzi emazweni ama-imperialism, la mambuka, ukuze asize onxiwankulu bacindezele uguquko lwabasebenzi, baphinde bathatha ibhanela le-Second International ukuze bakhohlise uquqaba lwabasebenzi, futhi baye basebenzisa imibuthano nemibhikisho yeMay Day ukuze basakaze ithonya lenguquko. Kusukela lapho, embuzweni wokuthi singalikhumbula kanjani “usuku lukaMeyi”, kube nomzabalazo oqinile phakathi kwama-Marxists avukela umbuso kanye nama-reformists ngezindlela ezimbili.
Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaLenin, i-proletariat yaseRussia yaqala yaxhumanisa isikhumbuzo “sosuku lukaMeyi” nemisebenzi yoguquko yezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, futhi yagubha umkhosi waminyaka yonke “uSuku lukaMeyi” ngezenzo zokuguquguquka, okwenza uMeyi 1 kube ngempela umkhosi wenguquko yabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe. Isikhumbuzo sokuqala se-May Day seqembu labasebenzi baseRussia kwaba ngo-1891. Ngo-May Day 1900, kwaba nemibuthano nemibhikisho yezisebenzi ePetersburg, eMoscow, eKharkiv, eTifris (manje eyiTbilisi), eKiev, eRostov nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu amaningi. Ngokulandela iziqondiso zikaLenin, ngo-1901 no-1902, imibukiso yezisebenzi zaseRussia yokukhumbula uSuku lukaMeyi yathuthuka kakhulu, yasuka emashini yaba izingxabano ezichitha igazi phakathi kwezisebenzi namasosha.
NgoJulayi 1903, iRussia yasungula iqembu lokuqala le-Marxist revolutionary elilwa ngempela le-international proletariat. KuleNgqungquthela, isinqumo esisalungiswa ngosuku lokuqala lukaMeyi sabhalwa nguLenin. Kusukela lapho, ukukhunjulwa koSuku lukaMeyi yi-proletariat yaseRussia, nobuholi beQembu, kungene esigabeni soguquko. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-May Day igujwa minyaka yonke eRussia, futhi inhlangano yezisebenzi iye yaqhubeka ikhula, ehlanganisa amashumi ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi, futhi kuye kwaba nokungqubuzana phakathi koquqaba namasosha.
Ngenxa yokunqoba kweNguquko kaMfumfu, ithimba labasebenzi baseSoviet laqala ukugubha uSuku Lomhlaba Lwezisebenzi Lomhlaba Wonke endaweni yaso kusukela ngo-1918. ubushiqela be-proletariat, kanye nomkhosi othi “May Day” waqala ukuba uguquko nokulwa ngempela.isibalo kula mazwe.
UZhuo Meng Shanghai Auto Co., Ltd. uzibophezele ekuthengiseni izingxenye zezimoto ze-MG&MAUXS wamukelekile ukuzithenga.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-01-2024