Isizinda somlando
Ngekhulu le-19, ngentuthuko esheshayo yobungxowankulu, ongxowankulu babevame ukuxhaphaza abasebenzi ngonya ngokwandisa isikhathi somsebenzi kanye nomfutho wabasebenzi ukuze bathole inzuzo eyengeziwe. Izisebenzi zazisebenza amahora angaphezu kwe-12 ngosuku futhi izimo zokusebenza zazimbi kakhulu.
Ukwethulwa kosuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili
Ngemva kwekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi ngenhlangano yamaChartist, ubukhulu bomzabalazo wesigaba sabasebenzi baseBrithani buye banda. NgoJuni 1847, iPhalamende laseBrithani laphasisa uMthetho Wezinsuku Zokusebenza wamahora ayishumi. Ngo-1856, abavukuzi begolide eMelbourne, eBritish Australia, basebenzisa ithuba lokuntuleka kwabasebenzi futhi balwela usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Ngemva kweminyaka yawo-1870, izisebenzi zaseBrithani ezimbonini ezithile zanqoba usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalolunye. NgoSepthemba 1866, i-First International yabamba ingqungquthela yayo yokuqala eGeneva, lapho, ngesiphakamiso sikaMarx, "ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni kohlelo lomsebenzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo, amandla omzimba kanye nokukhululwa kokugcina kwesigaba sabasebenzi," kwaphasisa isinqumo "sokulwela amahora ayisishiyagalombili osuku lokusebenza." Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izisebenzi kuwo wonke amazwe ziye zalwa nosomabhizinisi ngosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili.
Ngo-1866, iNgqungquthela yaseGeneva ye-First International yaphakamisa isiqubulo sosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Emzabalazweni wezisebenzi zomhlaba wonke wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, isigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika sahola. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yombango yaseMelika ngawo-1860, izisebenzi zaseMelika zabeka ngokucacile isiqubulo esithi “ukulwela usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili”. Lesi siqubulo sasakazeka ngokushesha futhi sathola ithonya elikhulu.
Iqhutshwa yinhlangano yabasebenzi yaseMelika, ngo-1867, izifundazwe eziyisithupha zaphasisa imithetho eyalela usuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. NgoJuni 1868, i-United States Congress yashaya umthetho wokuqala wesifundazwe ngosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili emlandweni waseMelika, okwenza usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili lusebenze kubasebenzi bakahulumeni. Ngo-1876, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachitha umthetho wesifundazwe ngosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili.
1877 Kwaba khona isiteleka sokuqala sikazwelonke emlandweni waseMelika. Isigaba sabasebenzi saya emigwaqweni ukuyobhikisha kuhulumeni ukuze sithuthukise izimo zokusebenza nezokuphila futhi sifune amahora okusebenza afushane kanye nokwethulwa kosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu evela enhlanganweni yabasebenzi, iCongress yase-US yaphoqeleka ukuthi ishaye umthetho wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, kodwa ekugcineni umthetho waba incwadi efile.
Ngemva kweminyaka yawo-1880, umzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili waba yinkinga ebalulekile enhlanganweni yabasebenzi baseMelika. Ngo-1882, abasebenzi baseMelika baphakamisa ukuthi uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba ubekwe njengosuku lwemibhikisho yasemgwaqweni, futhi balwela ngokungakhathali lokhu. Ngo-1884, umhlangano we-AFL wanquma ukuthi uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba uzoba uSuku Lukazwelonke lokuphumula kwabasebenzi. Nakuba lesi sinqumo sasingahlobene ngqo nomzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, sanikeza ugqozi emzabalazweni wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. ICongress kwadingeka idlulise umthetho owenza uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba ube uSuku Lwabasebenzi. NgoDisemba 1884, ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuthuthukiswa komzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, i-AFL nayo yenza isinqumo esingokomlando: “Izinhlangano Zezisebenzi Ezihleliwe kanye Nezinhlangano Zabasebenzi e-United States naseCanada zinqume ukuthi, kusukela ngoMeyi 1, 1886, usuku lwezisebenzi olusemthethweni luzoba amahora ayisishiyagalombili, futhi zincoma zonke izinhlangano zezisebenzi esifundeni ukuthi zingashintsha imikhuba yazo ukuze zivumelane nalesi sinqumo ngosuku olushiwo.”
Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwenhlangano yabasebenzi
Ngo-Okthoba 1884, amaqembu ayisishiyagalombili abasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe nabezwe lonke e-United States naseCanada abamba umhlangano eChicago, e-United States, ukuze balwele ukufezwa “kosuku lomsebenzi lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili”, futhi banquma ukuqala umzabalazo obanzi, futhi banquma ukubamba isiteleka esijwayelekile ngoMeyi 1, 1886, okuphoqa osomabhizinisi ukuba basebenzise usuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Isigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika kulo lonke izwe sasekela futhi saphendula ngentshiseko, futhi izinkulungwane zabasebenzi emadolobheni amaningi bajoyina umzabalazo.
Isinqumo se-AFL sathola impendulo enomdlandla evela kubasebenzi kulo lonke elase-United States. Kusukela ngo-1886, isigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika sibe nemibhikisho, iziteleka, kanye nokubhikisha ukuze kuphoqwe abaqashi ukuba bamukele usuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili ngoMeyi 1. Umzabalazo wafika eqophelweni ngoMeyi. Ngomhlaka-1 Meyi 1886, abasebenzi abangu-350,000 eChicago nakwamanye amadolobha e-United States babambe isiteleka kanye nemibhikisho, befuna kuqaliswe usuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokusebenza. Isaziso sesiteleka se-United Workers sasifundeka kanje, “Vukani, basebenzi baseMelika! Mhla lu-1 kuNhlaba, 1886 beka phansi amathuluzi enu, beka phansi umsebenzi wenu, vala amafektri nezimayini zenu usuku olulodwa ngonyaka. Lolu usuku lokuvukela umbuso, hhayi ukuphumula! Lolu akulona usuku lapho uhlelo lokugqilaza iLabour yomhlaba lumiswa ngumkhulumeli oziqhenyayo. Lolu usuku lapho izisebenzi zenza imithetho yazo futhi zinamandla okuyisebenzisa! … Lolu usuku lapho ngiqala ukujabulela amahora ayisishiyagalombili okusebenza, amahora ayisishiyagalombili okuphumula, namahora ayisishiyagalombili okulawula kwami.
Izisebenzi zangena esitelekeni, zaphazamisa izimboni ezinkulu e-United States. Izitimela zayeka ukusebenza, izitolo zavalwa, futhi zonke izindawo zokugcina impahla zavalwa.
Kodwa isiteleka savinjelwa yiziphathimandla zase-US, abasebenzi abaningi babulawa futhi baboshwa, futhi izwe lonke lanyakaziswa. Ngokusekelwa okubanzi kombono womphakathi oqhubekayo emhlabeni kanye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo wesigaba sabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, uhulumeni wase-US ekugcineni wamemezela ukuqaliswa kosuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili ngenyanga kamuva, futhi inhlangano yabasebenzi baseMelika yathola ukunqoba kokuqala.
Ukusungulwa koSuku Lomsebenzi Lomhlaba Wonke lwangoMeyi 1
NgoJulayi 1889, i-Second International, eholwa ngu-Engels, yabamba ingqungquthela eParis. Ukuze kugujwe isiteleka sika-“May Day” sabasebenzi baseMelika, sibonisa ukuthi “Basebenzi bomhlaba, hlanganani!” Amandla amakhulu okukhuthaza umzabalazo wabasebenzi kuwo wonke amazwe ngosuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, umhlangano wadlulisa isinqumo, ngoMeyi 1, 1890, abasebenzi bomhlaba wonke babamba umbukiso, futhi banquma ukubeka uMeyi 1 njengosuku loSuku Lomhlaba Wonke Lwabasebenzi, okungukuthi, manje “uMeyi 1 Usuku Lomhlaba Wonke Lwabasebenzi.”
Ngomhlaka-1 Meyi 1890, isigaba sabasebenzi eYurophu nase-United States sahola ekungeneni emigwaqweni ukuyobamba imibhikisho emikhulu kanye nemibuthano yokulwela amalungelo abo asemthethweni kanye nezintshisekelo zabo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, njalo ngalolu suku, abantu abasebenzayo bawo wonke amazwe emhlabeni bazohlangana futhi bamashe ukuze bagubhe.
Inhlangano Yabasebenzi Yangosuku LukaMeyi eRussia naseSoviet Union
Ngemva kokufa kuka-Engels ngo-Agasti 1895, abantu abasebenzisa amathuba ngaphakathi kwe-Second International baqala ukubusa, futhi amaqembu abasebenzi angaphansi kwe-Second International aguquka kancane kancane aba amaqembu aguqulayo. Ngemva kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, abaholi bala maqembu bakhaphela obala imbangela yobuzwe bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nobusoshiyali futhi baba abashisekeli bezenhlalo basekela impi yobukoloniyali. Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi “ukuvikela izwe lobaba,” bakhuthaza ngokungenamahloni abasebenzi bawo wonke amazwe ukuba bahlanganyele ekubulaweni okunobudlova ukuze kuzuze ubukoloniyali babo. Ngakho-ke inhlangano ye-Second International yahlakazeka kanye noSuku LukaMeyi, uphawu lobumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe, lwaqedwa. Ngemva kokuphela kwempi, ngenxa yokwanda kwenhlangano yokuguqula yabasebenzi emazweni aguqulayo, laba baphikisi, ukuze basize onxiwankulu bacindezele inhlangano yokuguqula yabasebenzi, baphinde bathatha ibhanela le-Second International ukuze bakhohlise izixuku ezisebenzayo, futhi basebenzise imihlangano nemibhikisho yoSuku LukaMeyi ukusabalalisa ithonya lobukoloniyali. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, embuzweni wokuthi kufanele kukhunjulwe kanjani “uSuku LukaMeyi”, kube nomzabalazo omkhulu phakathi kwamaMarx avukela umbuso kanye nabashisekeli bezinguquko ngezindlela ezimbili.
Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaLenin, iqembu labasebenzi baseRussia laqala ukuxhumanisa isikhumbuzo "soSuku LukaMeyi" nemisebenzi yokuguqula yezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, futhi lagubha umkhosi waminyaka yonke "woSuku LukaMeyi" nezenzo zokuguqula, okwenza uMeyi 1 waba umkhosi wenguquko yabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe. Isikhumbuzo sokuqala soSuku LukaMeyi yiqembu labasebenzi baseRussia sasingo-1891. NgoSuku LukaMeyi 1900, kwaba nemihlangano nemiboniso yabasebenzi ePetersburg, eMoscow, eKharkiv, eTifris (manje eyiTbilisi), eKiev, eRostov nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu amaningi. Ngokulandela imiyalelo kaLenin, ngo-1901 nango-1902, imiboniso yabasebenzi baseRussia yokugubha uSuku LukaMeyi yathuthuka kakhulu, yaphenduka kusukela ekumasheni yaba yizingxabano ezichitha igazi phakathi kwabasebenzi nebutho.
NgoJulayi 1903, iRussia yasungula iqembu lokuqala elilwa ngempela ne-Marxist elivukelayo le-proletariat yamazwe ngamazwe. Kule Ngqungquthela, uLenin wabhala isinqumo esibhaliwe ngomhlaka-1 kuMeyi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukugujwa koSuku LukaMeyi yi-proletariat yaseRussia, kanye nobuholi beQembu, kungene esigabeni soguquko olukhulu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imikhosi yoSuku LukaMeyi ibilokhu ibanjwa minyaka yonke eRussia, futhi ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi kuqhubeke nokukhula, okubandakanya amashumi ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi, futhi kube nokuxabana phakathi kwabantu abaningi nebutho.
Ngenxa yokunqoba kweNguquko ka-Okthoba, isigaba sabasebenzi baseSoviet saqala ukugubha uSuku Lomhlaba Wonke Lwabasebenzi LwangoMeyi endaweni yaso kusukela ngo-1918. Isigaba sabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke saqala nohambo lomzabalazo wokulwela ukugcwaliseka kobushiqela besigaba sabasebenzi, futhi umkhosi “woSuku LukaMeyi” waqala ukuba yinguquko yangempela nokulwaukutholakala kwamazwe kulawa.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-01-2024