Isizinda Somlando
Ngekhulu le-19, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobungxowankulu, oCwamanisi ngokuvamile baxhaphaza abasebenzi ngesihluku ngokwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kanye nokuqina kwabasebenzi ukuze bakhiphe inani le-reftplus enyukayo ekuphishekeleni inzuzo. Abasebenzi basebenze amahora angaphezu kuka-12 ngosuku futhi izimo zokusebenza zazikubi kakhulu.
Ukwethulwa kosuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili
Ngemuva kwekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi ngokunyakaza kwe-chartist, isilinganiselo somzabalazo wekilasi labasebenzi baseBrithani belikhula. NgoJuni 1847, iPhalamende laseBrithani ladlula eMthethweni wosuku lwamahora ayishumi. Ngo-1856, abavukuzi begolide eMelbourne, eBritish Australia, basebenzise ithuba lokushoda kwabasebenzi balwa ngosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Ngemuva kwawo-1870s, izisebenzi zaseBrithani ezimbonini ezithile zanqoba usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalolunye. NgoSepthemba 1866, owokuqala wamazwe omhlaba wabamba ingqungquthela yawo yokuqala eGeneva, lapho, isiphakamiso sikaMarx, "ukunqunyelwa okungokomthetho kohlelo lomsebenzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuya ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo, amandla omzimba kanye nokugcina" ukulwela amahora ayisishiyagalombili ngosuku lokusebenza. " Kusukela lapho, abasebenzi kuwo wonke amazwe balwa ongxiwankulu ngoSuku Lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili.
Ngo-1866, ingqungquthela yeGeneva yezwe lonke iphakamise isiqubulo sosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Emzabalazweni we-International Proletariat ngoSuku Lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, ikilasi labasebenzi laseMelika lahola. Ekupheleni kwempi yombango yaseMelika ngeminyaka ye-1860s, izisebenzi zaseMelika zabeka kahle isiqubulo esithi "silwela usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili". Isiqubulo sasakazeka ngokushesha futhi sathola ithonya elikhulu.
Iqhutshwa yinhlangano yezabasebenzi yaseMelika, ngo-1867, izifundazwe eziyisithupha zadlula imithetho yokugunyaza usuku lomsebenzi wamahora ayisishiyagalombili. NgoJuni 1868, i-United States Congress yabeka umthetho wokuqala wombuso ngoSuku Lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili emlandweni waseMelika, okwenza usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili lusebenze kubasebenzi bakahulumeni. Ngo-1876, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala umthetho wenhlangano ngoSuku Lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili.
Ngo-1877 kwaba khona isiteleka sokuqala sezwe emlandweni waseMelika. Isigaba sabasebenzi sathatha emigwaqweni ukuyobonisa kuhulumeni ukuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza nokuphila kanye nokufuna amahora amaningi okusebenza kanye nokwethulwa kosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu evela enhlanganweni yezabasebenzi, i-US Congress yaphoqeleka ukuba iqale umthetho wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, kodwa ekugcineni kwaba yincwadi efile.
Ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1880, umzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili waba yinkinga ephakathi nenhlangano yabasebenzi yaseMelika. Ngo-1882, abasebenzi baseMelika bahlongoza ukuthi uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba uqokwe njengosuku lokukhombisa imigwaqo, futhi walwa ngokungakhathali kulokhu. Ngo-1884, umhlangano we-AFL wanquma ukuthi uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba wayezoba usuku lukazwelonke lokuphumula kwabasebenzi. Yize lesi sinqumo besingahlobene ngqo nomzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, lwalunikeza umfutho emzabalazweni wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. UCongress kwadingeka adlulise umthetho owenza uMsombuluko wokuqala ngoSepthemba ngosuku lwabasebenzi. Ngo-December 1884, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa komzabalazo wosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, i-AFL futhi yenze isinqumo esingokomlando: "Izinyunyana zabasebenzi ezihlelekile zizoshintsha lokho, kusukela ngo-Meyi 1, 1886, kuzo zonke izinhlangano zabasebenzi esifundeni esizovumelana nalesi sinqumo ngosuku okushiwo ngalo."
Ukuqhubeka kokunyuka kwenhlangano yabasebenzi
Ngo-Okthoba 1884, amaqembu abasebenzi abayisishiyagalombili namazwe ase-United States naseCanada babamba umhlangano eChicago, e-United States, banquma ukwethula umzabalazo obanzi, futhi banquma ukwethula isiteleka esibanzi ngoMeyi 1, sontatha Ikilasi labasebenzi laseMelika ezweni lonke lisekelwa futhi laphendula, futhi izinkulungwane zabasebenzi emadolobheni amaningi bajoyina umzabalazo.
Isinqumo se-AFL sabela impendulo ngomdlandla kubasebenzi kulo lonke elase-United States. Since 1886, the American working class has held demonstrations, strikes, and boycotts to force employers to adopt an eight-hour workday by May 1. The struggle came to a head in May. NgoMeyi 1, 1886, izisebenzi ezingama-350,000 eChicago nakwamanye amadolobha ase-United States zaba nesiteleka esijwayelekile nokukhombisa, efuna ukusetshenziswa kosuku lomsebenzi lwamahora angu-8 nokwenza ngcono izimo zokusebenza. Isaziso sesiteleka sase-UnitedAl 'Strike safunda,' Vuka, abasebenzi baseMelika! Kwangathi u-1st, 1886 abeke phansi amathuluzi akho, abeke phansi umsebenzi wakho, avale amafektri akho nezimayini usuku olulodwa ngonyaka. Lolu wusuku lokuvukela, hhayi lokuzilibazisa! Lolu akulona usuku lapho uhlelo lokugqilaza umsebenzi womhlaba lunqunywe ngumkhulumeli we-vaunted. Lolu wusuku lapho abasebenzi benza imithetho yabo uqobo futhi babe namandla okubafaka! ... Lolu wusuku lapho ngiqala ukujabulela amahora ayisishiyagalombili okusebenza, amahora ayisishiyagalombili okuphumula, namahora ayisishiyagalombili okulawula kwami.
Abasebenzi bangena esitelekeni, bekhubazeka izimboni ezinkulu e-United States. Izitimela ziyekile ukugijima, izitolo zavalwa, futhi kwabekwa zonke izindlu zokugcina izimpahla.
Kepha isiteleka sasicindezelwa yiziphathimandla zase-US, izisebenzi eziningi zabulawa zaboshwa, izwe lonke lathuthumela. Ngokusekelwa okubanzi kwemibono yomphakathi eqhubekayo emhlabeni kanye nomzabalazo ophikelelayo wabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, uhulumeni wase-US ekugcineni wamemezela ukuqaliswa kosuku lokusebenza amahora ayisishiyagalombili ngenyanga, futhi inhlangano yabasebenzi baseMelika yanqoba ukunqoba kokuqala.
Ukusungulwa koSuku Lwamazwe Ngamazwe AseMeyi 1
NgoJulayi 1889, owesibili wamazwe omhlaba, oholwa yizingelosi, wabamba umhlangano eParis. Ukugubha "UMeyi" isiteleka sabasebenzi baseMelika, kukhombisa "abasebenzi bomhlaba, bahlangane!" Amandla amakhulu wokuphakamisa umzabalazo wabasebenzi kuwo wonke amazwe ngosuku lokusebenza lwehora lesishiyagalombili, umhlangano udlulise isinqumo, ngoMeyi 1, 1890, ukusetha ngoMeyi 1
NgoMeyi 1, 1890, ikilasi labasebenzi eYurophu nase-United States lahola ekuhambeni emigwaqweni ukuze libambe imiboniso emihle nemibutha Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, njalo ngalolu suku, abantu abasebenzayo bawo wonke amazwe aseMhlabeni babuthana futhi babhale.
I-May May Labour Mov eRussia naseSoviet Union
Ngemuva kokushona kuka-Engels ngo-Agasti 1895, amathuba aphakathi kwamanye amazwe aqale ukuthola ubukhosi, futhi abasebenzi babasebenzi basesibili basemazweni asezingeni lesibili abakhubazekile baba amaqembu ama-burgeois reformist. Ngemuva kokuqubuka kwempi yezwe yokuqala, abaholi balawa maqembu bakhaphela ngokwengeziwe imbangela yezwe lonke lezwe lonke kanye ne-socialism futhi baba ama-chauvinists emphakathini ethanda impi yamaqiniso. Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi "Defense of the Babaland," Bangenakuqhathaniswa nabasebenzi bawo wonke amazwe ukuba ahlangane ngokubulawa komunye nomunye ukuze kusizakale inzuzo yabo inzuzo yabo. Ngakho-ke inhlangano ye-Second of the International International Dissegrated kanye nosuku lwangemuva, uphawu lobumbano lwamazwe omhlaba, lwachithwa. Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, ngenxa yokuphakama kwenhlangano yezinguquko enkulu emazweni ase-Imperialist, laba bantu, ukuze baphinde basebenzise isibhengezo se-Secondvation yamazwe omhlaba, futhi basebenzise imibuthano yosuku nemibukiso yokusabalalisa ithonya loshintsho. Kusukela lapho, embuzweni wokuthi ungagubha kanjani "usuku lwangathi", kube khona umzabalazo obukhali phakathi kwama-marxist aguqukayo kanye nabaguquli ngezindlela ezimbili.
Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaLenin, i-Russian proletariat ixhumeke okokuqala "usuku" nemisebenzi yezinguquko zezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, futhi ikhunjulwe ngoMeyi 1 ngokweqiniso inguquko yezoguquko emhlabeni jikelele. Isikhumbuzo sokuqala sosuku lwangoMeyi ngesiRussia proletariat sasineminyaka engu-1891. NgoMeyi wabe ngo-1900, imihlangano yabasebenzi kanye nemibukiso yabasebenzi yaqhutshwa ePetersburg, e-Khaev, iRostov kanye namanye amadolobha amakhulu. Ngemuva kwemiyalo kaLenin, ngo-1901 nango-1901, imibhikisho yabasebenzi baseRussia, uMays 'bakhunjulwa ngoMeyi kaMay babethuthukiswa kakhulu, baphenduka imashi baba bashayisane namagazi phakathi kwabasebenzi nebutho.
NgoJulayi 1903, iRussia yasungula iphathi yokuqala ye-Marxist Revolution ye-Marxist ye-International Preletariat. Kule nhloko, ukulungiswa okusalungiswa ngokokuqala kukaMeyi kwabhalwa nguLenin. Kusukela lapho, isikhumbuzo sosuku lwangoMeyi nge-Russian proletariat, nobuholi beqembu, bungene esigabeni esiguquguqukayo. Kusukela lapho, imikhosi yosuku engahle ibanjwe minyaka yonke eRussia, futhi inhlangano yezabasebenzi iye yaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, okubandakanya amashumi ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi, futhi kungqubuzana namabutho phakathi kwezixuku kanti amabutho avele.
Ngenxa yokuphumelela kwe-Okthoba Revolution, ikilasi labasebenzi laseSoviet laqala ukukhumbula uSuku Lwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwabo ngo-1918. I-proletariat emhlabeni wonke futhi yaqala ukuguqukela kobushiqela be-proletariat, kanye ne- "may day" festival yaqala ukuba yinguquko ehlakaniphile futhi ilwele fIsici kula mazwe.
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Isikhathi sePosi: Meyi-01-2024