Isibani sekhanda.
Amalambu ezimoto ngokuvamile akhiwa izingxenye ezintathu: isibani, isibonisi nesibuko esifanayo (isibuko se-astigmatism).
1. isibani
Amalambu asetshenziswa kumalambu emoto amalambu e-incandescent, ama-halogen tungsten amalambu, amalambu ama-arc akhanya kakhulu nokunye.
(1) Isibani se-incandescent: umucu wayo wenziwe ngocingo lwe-tungsten (i-tungsten inephuzu elincibilikayo eliphakeme nokukhanya okuqinile). Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ukuze kwandiswe impilo yesevisi ye-bulb, i-bulb igcwele igesi ye-inert (i-nitrogen kanye nengxube yayo yamagesi angenayo). Lokhu kunganciphisa ukuhwamuka kocingo lwe-tungsten, kwandise izinga lokushisa lomucu, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo. Ukukhanya okuvela kusibani se-incandescent kunombala ophuzi.
(2) Isibani se-Tungsten halide: Isibani sokukhanya se-Tungsten halide sishuthekwa kugesi engenzi lutho entweni ethile ye-halide (njenge-iodine, i-chlorine, i-fluorine, i-bromine, njll.), kusetshenziswa isimiso sokuphendula kabusha kwe-tungsten halide, okungukuthi, i-gaseous tungsten ehwamukayo emculweni isabela ne-halogen ukuze ikhiqize i-tungsten halide eguquguqukayo, esakazekela endaweni yokushisa ephezulu eduze nomcu, futhi iboliswe ukushisa, ukuze i-tungsten ibuyiselwe emculweni. I-halogen ekhululiwe iyaqhubeka nokusabalala futhi ibambe iqhaza ekuphenduleni komjikelezo olandelayo, ngakho-ke umjikelezo uyaqhubeka, ngaleyo ndlela uvimbela ukuhwamuka kwe-tungsten nokuba mnyama kwebulb. Usayizi we-tungsten halogen light bulb usayizi omncane, igobolondo lesibani lenziwe ngengilazi ye-quartz enokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu namandla aphezulu emishini, ngaphansi kwamandla afanayo, ukukhanya kwesibani se-tungsten halogen kuyizikhathi eziyi-1.5 kunesibani se-incandescent, futhi impilo ingu-2 kuya Izikhathi ezi-3 ngaphezulu.
(3) Isibani esisha se-arc esikhanyayo: Lesi sibani asinawo umcu wendabuko kwi-bulb. Esikhundleni salokho, ama-electrode amabili afakwa ngaphakathi kweshubhu ye-quartz. I-tube igcwele i-xenon kanye ne-trace metals (noma i-metal halides), futhi uma kune-voltage ye-arc eyanele ku-electrode (5000 ~ 12000V), igesi iqala uku-ionize futhi iqhube ugesi. Ama-athomu egesi asesimweni sokujabula futhi aqala ukukhipha ukukhanya ngenxa yokuguquka kwezinga lamandla ama-electron. Ngemuva kwama-0.1s, inani elincane lomhwamuko we-mercury liyahwamuka phakathi kwama-electrode, futhi amandla anikezwa ngokushesha adluliselwe ekukhishweni kwe-mercury vapor arc, bese edluliselwa esibani se-halide arc ngemuva kokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Ngemva kokuba ukukhanya kufinyelele izinga lokushisa elivamile le-bulb, amandla okugcina ukukhishwa kwe-arc aphansi kakhulu (cishe ama-35w), ngakho-ke u-40% wamandla kagesi angagcinwa.
2. isibonisi
Umsebenzi we-reflector ukukhulisa ukupholisa kokukhanya okukhishwa isibani ku-beam eqinile ukuze kwandiswe ibanga lokushiswa kwemisebe.
Umumo ongaphezulu wesibuko uyi-paraboloid ejikelezayo, ngokuvamile eyenziwe ngeshidi lensimbi elincanyana elingu-0.6 ~ 0.8mm noma elenziwe ngengilazi, ipulasitiki. Ingaphakathi ligqitshwe ngesiliva, i-aluminium noma i-chrome bese liyapholishwa; Umucu utholakala endaweni okugxilwe kuyo esibukweni, futhi imisebe yaso eminingi yokukhanya iyabonakala futhi idutshulwe kude njengemishayo ehambisanayo. Isibani esingenasibuko singakhanyisa kuphela ibanga elingama-6m, futhi i-parallel beam eboniswa yisibuko ingakhanyisa ibanga elingaphezu kuka-100m. Ngemuva kwesibuko, kukhona ukukhanya okuncane okuhlakazekile, okungaphezulu okungenamsebenzi ngokuphelele, futhi ukukhanya okungemuva nokuphansi kusiza ukukhanyisa indawo yomgwaqo kanye ne-curb ye-5 kuya ku-10m.
3. ilensi
I-Pantoscope, eyaziwa nangokuthi ingilazi ye-astigmatic, iyinhlanganisela yamaprism amaningana akhethekile namalensi, futhi umumo uvame ukuba yindilinga futhi unxande. Umsebenzi wesibuko esihambisanayo ukuhlehlisa i-parallel beam eboniswa yisibuko, ukuze umgwaqo ophambi kwemoto ube nokukhanya okuhle nokufana okufanayo.
hlunga
I-headlamp optical system iyinhlanganisela yesibani, isibonisi nesibuko esihambisanayo. Ngokusho kwesakhiwo esihlukile sesistimu ye-optical ye-headlamp, i-headlamp ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: i-semi-closed, ivaliwe futhi iphrojekthi.
1. Ilambu elivaleleke kancane
Isibuko sokukhanyisa isibani esivaliwe esivaliwe nesibuko sinamathele ndawonye asikwazi ukuhlakazwa, isibani sokukhanya singalayishwa kusukela ekugcineni kwesibuko, inzuzo yesibani esivaliwe ukuthi i-filament eshisiwe idinga kuphela ukufaka esikhundleni se-bulb, ukonakala ukuvala uphawu okungalungile. . I-headlamp ehlanganisiwe ihlanganisa isignali yokujika yangaphambili, ukukhanya kobubanzi bangaphambili, ukukhanya okuphezulu kwe-beam kanye nokukhanya okuphansi kube yinto yonke, kuyilapho i-reflector kanye ne-pantoscope zenziwe ziphelele kusetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo, futhi isibani singalayishwa kalula emuva. Ngamalambu ahlanganisiwe, abakhiqizi bezimoto bangakhiqiza noma yiluphi uhlobo lwamalensi afanayo amalambu angaphambili uma kudingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici zemoto ezishintshashintshayo, ukonga uphethiloli kanye nesitayela sezimoto.
2. Izibani zangaphambili ezivaliwe
Amalambu avaliwe aphinde ahlukaniswe abe amalambu ajwayelekile avalekile namalambu avalelwe ama-halogen.
Isistimu ye-optical ye-headlamp ejwayelekile evalekile iwukuhlanganisa nokushisela isibonisi nesibuko esihambisanayo sibe sisonke ukuze kwakhiwe indlu ye-bulb, futhi i-filament ishiselwe esisekelweni se-reflector. Ingaphezulu le-reflector licwebezelwa yi-vacuum, futhi isibani sigcwele igesi ye-inert ne-halogen. Izinzuzo zalesi sakhiwo ukusebenza kahle kokubekwa uphawu, isibuko ngeke singcoliswe umkhathi, ukusebenza kahle kokukhanya okuphezulu, nokuphila isikhathi eside kwenkonzo. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokushiswa kwe-filament, lonke iqembu lokukhanyisa lidinga ukushintshwa, futhi izindleko ziphakeme.
3. Isibani sekhanda esibonakalayo
Isistimu ye-optical ye-projective headlamp ikakhulukazi yakhiwe i-bulb yokukhanya, i-reflector, isibuko se-shading nesibuko esihambisana ne-convex. Sebenzisa isibuko esiyiconvex esiwugqinsi kakhulu esingaqoshiwe, isibuko simise okweqanda. Ngakho ububanzi bayo bangaphandle buncane kakhulu. Amalambu abonakalayo anezindawo ezimbili okugxilwe kuzo, into yokuqala egxilwe kuyo iyisibani bese kuthi ukugxila kwesibili kwakheke ekukhanyeni. Gxilisa ukukhanya ngesibuko esiyi-convex bese usiphonsa kude. Inzuzo yayo ukuthi ukusebenza kokugxila kuhle, futhi indlela yayo yokuqagela imisebe yile:
(1) Ukukhanya okukhishelwa engxenyeni engenhla yesibani kudlula kusibonisi kuya endaweni yesibili okugxilwe kuyo, futhi kugxiliswe ebangeni ngesibuko esihambisana ne-convex.
(2) Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhanya okukhishelwa engxenyeni engezansi ye-bulb kuboniswa yisibuko esifihla ubuso, siphinde sibuyiswe kusibonisi bese siphonswa ekugxilweni kwesibili, futhi sigxile ebangeni ngesibuko esihambisana ne-convex.
Ekusetshenzisweni kwezimoto, izidingo zamalambu angaphambili yilezi: zombili zibe nokukhanya okuhle, kodwa futhi nokugwema ukuphuphuthekisa umshayeli wemoto ezayo, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwezibani kufanele kunake amaphuzu alandelayo:
(1) Gcina i-pantoscope yesilambu sihlanzekile, ikakhulukazi uma ushayela emvuleni naseqhweni, ukungcola nokungcola kuzonciphisa ukusebenza kokukhanyisa kwelambu ngo-50%. Amanye amamodeli afakwe ama-wiper amalambu nezifutho zamanzi.
(2) Lapho lezi zimoto ezimbili zihlangana ebusuku, lezi zimoto ezimbili kufanele zicime isibani esiphezulu futhi zishintshele ekukhanyeni okuseduze ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokushayela.
(3) Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwelambu lekhanda, i-headlamp kufanele ihlolwe futhi ilungiswe ngemva kokuba isibani sekhanda sishintshiwe noma ngemva kokuba imoto ishayelwa i-10,000 km.
(4) Njalo hlola isibani sokukhanya nesokhethi yolayini kanye nensimbi eyisisekelo ukuze kufakwe i-oxidation nokuxegisa, ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukusebenza kokuxhumana kwesixhumi kuhle nokuthi insimbi yesisekelo ithembekile. Uma othintana naye ekhululekile, lapho i-headlamp ivuliwe, izoveza ukushaqeka kwamanje ngenxa yokuvalwa kwesifunda, ngaleyo ndlela ishisa i-filament, futhi uma othintana naye e-oxidized, kuzonciphisa ukukhanya kwesibani ngenxa. ekwenyukeni kokwehla kwengcindezi yokuxhumana.
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