Intengo yefekthri i-SAIC MAXUS T60 C00021134 Ikhanda lebhola lengalo le-Swing

umqondo

Isakhiwo esijwayelekile sokulengiswa sakhiwe ngezinto ezinwebekayo, izinto eziqondisayo, izinto ezimunca ukushaqeka, njll., futhi ezinye izakhiwo nazo zinamabhulokhi ebhafa, ama-stabilizer bar, njll. Ama-elementi e-elastic asesimweni seziphethu zamaqabunga, iziphethu zomoya, iziphethu zamakhoyili, ne-torsion. iziphethu zebha.Ukumiswa kwezimoto zesimanje kuvame ukusebenzisa ama-coil springs kanye ne-torsion bar springs, kanti ezinye izimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zisebenzisa iziphethu zomoya.

Umsebenzi wengxenye:

i-absorber eyethusayo

Umsebenzi: I-shock absorber iyingxenye eyinhloko eyenza amandla okudambisa.Umsebenzi wayo ukunciphisa ngokushesha ukudlidliza kwemoto, ukuthuthukisa ukunethezeka kwemoto, nokuthuthukisa ukunamathela phakathi kwesondo nomhlabathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-shock absorber inganciphisa umthwalo oshukumisayo wengxenye yomzimba, Yandisa impilo yesevisi yemoto.I-shock absorber esetshenziswa kakhulu emotweni ngokuyinhloko i-cylinder yohlobo lwe-hydraulic shock absorber, futhi isakhiwo sayo singahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: uhlobo lwe-cylinder oluphindwe kabili, uhlobo olulodwa lwe-cylinder inflatable kanye nohlobo oluphindwe kabili lwe-cylinder inflatable.[2]

Isimiso sokusebenza: Lapho isondo ligxuma liye phezulu naphansi, i-piston ye-shock absorber iphinde ibuyele ekamelweni lokusebenza, ukuze uketshezi lwe-shock absorber ludlule emgodini we-piston, ngoba uketshezi lune-viscosity ethile nalapho uketshezi. idlula i-orifice, ixhumene nodonga lwembobo I-Friction yenziwa phakathi kwabo, ukuze amandla e-kinetic aguqulwe abe amandla okushisa futhi ahlakazeke emoyeni, ukuze kuzuzwe umsebenzi wokudlidliza okudambisayo.

(2) Izakhi ze-elastic

Umsebenzi: sekela umthwalo oqondile, lula futhi unqande ukudlidliza kanye nomthelela obangelwa indawo yomgwaqo engalingani.Ama-elementi e-elastic ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa isiphethu samaqabunga, isiphethu sekhoyili, isiphethu se-torsion bar, isiphethu somoya nesiphethu senjoloba, njll.

Isimiso: Izingxenye ezenziwe ngezinto ezinokunwebeka okuphezulu, lapho isondo lingaphansi komthelela omkhulu, amandla e-kinetic aguqulwa abe amandla anwebekayo anamandla futhi agcinwe, futhi akhululwe lapho isondo ligxuma phansi noma libuyela esimweni sokuqala sokushayela.

(3) Indlela yokuqondisa

Iqhaza lendlela eqondisayo ukudlulisa amandla kanye nomzuzu, futhi futhi ukudlala indima yokuqondisa.Phakathi nenqubo yokushayela imoto, i-trajectory yamasondo ingalawulwa.

umphumela

Ukumiswa kuwumhlangano obalulekile emotweni, oxhumanisa uhlaka namasondo ngokunwebeka, futhi uhlobene nokusebenza okuhlukahlukene kwemoto.Ngaphandle, ukumiswa kwemoto kuhlanganiswe kuphela ezinye izinduku, amashubhu neziphethu, kodwa ungacabangi ukuthi kulula kakhulu.Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukumiswa kwemoto kungumhlangano wemoto okunzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziphelele, ngoba ukumiswa kokubili Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokunethezeka kwemoto, kuyadingeka futhi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuzinza kokusingatha kwayo, futhi lezi ezimbili. izici ziphambene.Isibonelo, ukuze uzuze ukunethezeka okuhle, kuyadingeka ukuvimbela kakhulu ukudlidliza kwemoto, ngakho-ke intwasahlobo kufanele iklanyelwe ukuba ithambile, kodwa isiphethu sithambile, kodwa kulula ukubangela imoto ukuba iphule "ikhanda." ", sheshisa "khanda phezulu" bese ugingqa kwesokunxele nakwesokudla.Umkhuba awuhambisani nesiteringi semoto, futhi kulula ukubangela ukuthi imoto ingahlali kahle.

ukumiswa okungazimele

Isici sesakhiwo sokumiswa okungazimele ukuthi amasondo ezinhlangothini zombili axhunywe i-axle ebalulekile, futhi amasondo kanye ne-axle amisiwe ngaphansi kohlaka noma umzimba wemoto ngokusebenzisa ukumiswa okunwebekayo.Ukumiswa okungazimele kunezinzuzo zesakhiwo esilula, izindleko eziphansi, amandla aphezulu, ukunakekelwa okulula, noshintsho oluncane ekuqondeni kwesondo langaphambili ngesikhathi sokushayela.Nokho, ngenxa yokunethezeka kwayo okumpofu nokuzinza kokusingatha, ngokuyisisekelo ayisasetshenziswa ezimotweni zesimanje., esetshenziswa kakhulu emalolini nasemabhasini.

Leaf spring non-independent suspension

Intwasahlobo yeqabunga isetshenziswa njengesakhi esinwebekayo sokumiswa okungazimele.Ngoba futhi isebenza njengendlela yokuqondisa, uhlelo lokumiswa lwenziwa lula kakhulu.

Ukumiswa okungazimele kweqabunga longitudinal kusebenzisa iziphethu zamaqabunga njengezinto ezinwebekayo futhi kuhlelwe emotweni ngokuhambisana ne-axis longitudinal yemoto.

Isimiso sokusebenza: Uma imoto igijima emgwaqeni ongalingani futhi ihlangabezana nomthwalo onomthelela, amasondo ashayela i-asi ukuze igxume phezulu, futhi intwasahlobo yeqabunga kanye nomkhawulo ongezansi we-shock absorber nakho kuya phezulu ngesikhathi esifanayo.Ukwanda kobude ngesikhathi sokunyakaza okuya phezulu kwentwasahlobo yamaqabunga kungahlanganiswa ngokunwetshwa kwe-lug yangemuva ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.Ngenxa yokuthi umkhawulo ongaphezulu we-shock absorber ulungisiwe futhi umkhawulo ophansi uya phezulu, ulingana nokusebenza esimweni esicindezelwe, futhi ukumanzisa kuyanda ukuze kunciphise ukudlidliza.Uma inani eligxumayo le-ekseli lidlula ibanga eliphakathi kwebhulokhi yebhafa kanye nebhulokhi yomkhawulo, i-buffer block block ixhumana futhi icindezelwe ngebhulokhi yomkhawulo.[2]

Ukuhlukaniswa: Ukumiswa okungazimele kweqabunga leqabunga longitudinal kungahlukaniswa kube yi-asymmetric longitudinal leaf spring non-independent suspension, balanced suspension kanye ne-symmetrical longitudinal leaf spring non-independent suspension.Kuwukumiswa okungazimele okuneziphethu zamaqabunga amade.

1. I-asymmetric longitudinal leaf spring ukumiswa okungazimele

I-asymmetric longitudinal leaf spring non-independent suspension ibhekisela ekumisweni lapho ibanga eliphakathi nendawo yebhawodi emise okuka-U kanye nenkaba yama-lugs emikhawulweni yomibili ingalingani uma isiphethu samaqabunga amade sigxilwe ku-ekseli (ibhuloho) .

2. Ukumiswa kwebhalansi

Ukumiswa okulinganiselwe ukumiswa okuqinisekisa ukuthi umthwalo omile emasondweni aku-axle exhunyiwe (i-axle) uhlala ulingana.Umsebenzi wokusebenzisa i-balanced suspension ukuqinisekisa ukuthintana okuhle phakathi kwamasondo nomhlabathi, umthwalo ofanayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umshayeli angakwazi ukulawula isiqondiso semoto futhi imoto inamandla okushayela anele.

Ngokwezakhiwo ezihlukene, ukumiswa kwebhalansi kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: uhlobo lwe-thrust rod kanye nohlobo lwengalo yokushwiba.

① Ukumiswa kwebhalansi ye-Thrust rod.Yakheka ngesiphethu seqabunga esibekwe mpo, futhi iziphetho zayo ezimbili zibekwe ohlotsheni lwepuleti lesilayidi lokusekela phezulu komkhono we-asi ye-asi yangemuva.Ingxenye emaphakathi igxiliswe kugobolondo eliphethe ibhalansi ngamabhawodi amise oku-U, futhi ingazungeza i-balance shaft, futhi i-balance shaft igxilwe ohlakeni lwemoto kubakaki.Ingxenye eyodwa ye-thrust rod igxile kuhlaka lwemoto, kanti enye ixhunywe ne-ekseli.I-thrust rod isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amandla okushayela, amandla okubhuleka kanye namandla okusabela ahambisanayo.

Umgomo wokusebenza wokumiswa kwebhalansi ye-thrust rod imoto ene-axle eminingi eshayela emgwaqeni ongalingani.Uma isondo ngalinye lamukela ukwakheka kwepuleti lensimbi elijwayelekile njengokumiswa, alikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amasondo axhumene ngokugcwele nomhlabathi, okungukuthi, amanye amasondo anomthwalo oqondile ongu-A oncishisiwe (noma ngisho uziro) kungenza kube nzima umshayeli ukulawula isiqondiso sokuhamba uma kwenzeka kumasondo aqondisayo.Uma kwenzeka emasondweni okushayela, amanye (uma kungewona wonke) amandla okushayela azolahleka.Faka i-asi emaphakathi ne-asi yangemuva yemoto yama-asi amathathu emaphethelweni amabili ebha yebhalansi, futhi ingxenye emaphakathi yebha yebhalansi ixhumeke ngokuncike kuhlaka lwemoto.Ngakho-ke, amasondo akumabhuloho amabili awakwazi ukuhamba phezulu naphansi ngokuzimela.Uma noma yiliphi isondo licwila emgodini, elinye isondo liya phezulu ngaphansi kwethonya lebha yebhalansi.Njengoba izingalo ze-stabilizer bar zinobude obulinganayo, umthwalo oqondile kuwo womabili amasondo uhlala ulingana.

Ukumiswa kwebhalansi ye-thrust rod kusetshenziselwa i-asi yangemuva yemoto engu-6 × 6 enama-asi amathathu asuka emgwaqeni kanye neloli elingu-6 × 4 lama-asi amathathu.

②Ukumiswa kwebhalansi yengalo yokuguqula.Ukumiswa kwe-axle emaphakathi kusebenzisa ukwakheka kwentwasahlobo yeqabunga longitudinal.Isikhwama sangemuva sinamathiselwe ngaphambili kwengalo yokushwiba, kuyilapho i-axle ye-axle yengalo inamathiselwe kuhlaka.Ingemuva lengalo yokushwiba lixhunywe ku-axle yangemuva (i-axle) yemoto.

Umgomo wokusebenza kwe-swing arm balance suspension wukuthi imoto ishayela emgwaqeni ongalingani.Uma ibhuloho eliphakathi liwela emgodini, ingalo yokushwiba izodonswa phansi ngesikhwama esingemuva bese izungeza ngokuphikisana newashi eduze kwe-swing arm shaft.Isondo le-ekseli lizokhuphuka.Ingalo yokushwiba lapha iyisivikelo impela, futhi isilinganiso sokusabalalisa somthwalo ome mpo kuma-axles aphakathi nendawo nangemuva sincike esilinganisweni sesilinganiso sengalo eshwibayo kanye nobude bangaphambili nangemuva bentwasahlobo yeqabunga.

Ikhoyili spring ukumiswa okungazimele

Ngenxa yokuthi i-coil spring, njengento enwebekayo, ingathwala kuphela imithwalo eqondile, indlela eqondisayo kanye ne-shock absorber kufanele yengezwe ohlelweni lokumiswa.

Iqukethe ama-coil springs, ama-shock absorbers, ama-longitudinal thrust rods, ama-lateral thrust rods, ama-reinforcing rods nezinye izakhi.Isici sesakhiwo ukuthi amasondo angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla axhumeke ewonke nge-shaft yonke.Ingxenye engezansi ye-shock absorber igxilile ekusekelweni kwe-axle yangemuva, futhi umkhawulo ongaphezulu uncike nomzimba wemoto.I-coil spring isethwe phakathi kwe-upper spring kanye nesihlalo esingaphansi ngaphandle kwe-shock absorber.Ingemuva le-longitudinal thrust rod lishiselwe ku-ekseli futhi indawo engaphambili incike kuhlaka lwemoto.Ingxenye eyodwa ye-thrust rod incike emzimbeni wemoto, kanti enye incike ku-asili.Lapho kusebenza, intwasahlobo ithwala umthwalo oqondile, futhi amandla e-longitudinal namandla aguquguqukayo ngokulandelanayo athwalwa yizintambo ze-longitudinal ne-transverse thrust.Lapho isondo ligxuma, i-ekseli yonke izungeza amaphuzu ehinge we-longitudinal thrust rod kanye ne-lateral thrust rod emzimbeni wemoto.Izihlahla zenjoloba ezindaweni zokukhuluma ziqeda ukuphazamiseka kokunyakaza lapho i-asi inyakaza.I-coil spring non-independent suspension ilungele ukumiswa kwangemuva kwezimoto ezithwala abantu.

Ukumiswa kwe-Air spring okungazimele

Lapho imoto isebenza, ngenxa yokushintshwa komthwalo kanye nomgwaqo, ukuqina kokumiswa kuyadingeka ukushintsha ngokufanele.Izimoto ziyadingeka ukunciphisa ukuphakama komzimba futhi zikhulise isivinini emigwaqweni emihle;ukwandisa ukuphakama komzimba nokwandisa umthamo wokudlula emigwaqweni emibi, ngakho ukuphakama komzimba kuyadingeka ukuze kulungiswe ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa.Ukumiswa kwe-Air spring okungazimele kungahlangabezana nezidingo ezinjalo.

Yakhiwe nge-compressor, ithangi lokugcina umoya, i-valve yokulawula ukuphakama, isiphethu somoya, induku yokulawula, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinqamuli zokushaqeka, izingalo eziqondisayo, kanye nemigoqo yokuqiniswa kwe-lateral.I-air spring igxilile phakathi kohlaka (umzimba) kanye ne-axle, futhi i-valve yokulawula ukuphakama igxilile emzimbeni wemoto.Ukuphela kwe-piston rod kuncike ngengalo ephambanayo yenduku yokulawula, kanti enye ingxenye yengalo ephambanayo incike ngentonga yokulawula.Ingxenye ephakathi isekelwa engxenyeni engenhla yesiphethu somoya, futhi indawo engezansi yenduku yokulawula igxilile ku-axle.Izingxenye ezakha isiphethu somoya zixhunywe ndawonye ngamapayipi.Igesi enomfutho ophezulu okhiqizwa yi-compressor ingena ethangini lokugcina umoya ngesihlukanisi samanzi kawoyela kanye nesilawuli sokucindezela, bese ingena kuvalvu yokulawula ukuphakama ngesihlungi somoya ngemva kokuphuma ethangini lokugcina igesi.I-tank yokugcina umoya, ithangi lokugcina umoya lixhunywe neziphethu zomoya esondweni ngalinye, ngakho-ke umfutho wegesi kumthombo ngamunye womoya ukhuphuka ngokunyuka kwenani elishisiwe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, umzimba uyaphakanyiswa kuze kube yilapho i-piston in. i-valve yokulawula ukuphakama izoya ngasethangini lokugcina umoya Imbobo yokugcwalisa umoya ye-inflation yangaphakathi ivinjiwe.Njengento enwebekayo, isiphethu somoya singadambisa umthwalo womthelela osebenza esondweni ukusuka endaweni yomgwaqo lapho udluliselwa emzimbeni wemoto nge-ekseli.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumiswa komoya nakho kungalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphakama komzimba wemoto.I-piston itholakala phakathi kwe-inflation port kanye ne-air discharge port ku-valve yokulawula ukuphakama, futhi igesi evela ethangini lokugcina umoya ikhukhumeza ithangi lokugcina umoya kanye nesiphethu somoya, futhi iphakamisa ukuphakama komzimba wemoto.Lapho i-piston isendaweni ephezulu yembobo yokwehla kwamandla emali ku-valve yokulawula ukuphakama, igesi ephuma emoyeni ibuyela endaweni yokukhipha umoya ngokusebenzisa i-inflation port bese ingena emkhathini, bese kwehla umfutho womoya esiphethwini somoya, ukuphakama komzimba wemoto nakho kuyehla.Induku yokulawula kanye nengalo ephambanayo kuyo inquma indawo yepiston kuvalvu yokulawula ukuphakama.

Ukumiswa komoya kunochungechunge lwezinzuzo ezifana nokwenza imoto ishayele ngokunethezeka okuhle kokugibela, ukuqaphela ukuphakamisa i-eksisi eyodwa noma i-multi-axis uma kunesidingo, ukushintsha ubude bomzimba wemoto futhi kubangele umonakalo omncane endaweni yomgwaqo, njll., kodwa futhi inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezidingo eziqinile zokuvala uphawu.kanye nokunye ukushiyeka.Isetshenziswa ezimotweni zabagibeli bezentengiselwano, amaloli, ama-trailer nezinye izimoto zabagibeli.

I-Oil and gas spring ukumiswa okungazimele

I-oil-pneumatic spring non-independent suspension ibhekisela ekumisweni okungazimele lapho isici esinwebekayo samukela isiphethu sikawoyela-womoya.

Yakhiwe ngeziphethu zikawoyela negesi, izinduku ze-lateral thrust, ama-buffer block, ama-longitudinal thrust rods nezinye izakhi.Ingxenye engenhla ye-oil-pneumatic spring igxiliwe kuhlaka lwemoto, futhi isiphetho esiphansi sigxilwe ku-axle yangaphambili.Izinhlangothi ezingakwesokunxele nezingakwesokudla zisebenzisa induku ephansi ye-longitudinal ukuze iqukethwe phakathi kwe-asi yangaphambili kanye ne-longitudinal beam.I-thrust rod engaphezulu ye-longitudinal igxunyekwe ku-asili yangaphambili kanye nobakaki bangaphakathi be-longitudinal beam.Ama-thrust longitudinal angaphezulu naphansi enza ipharalelogram, esetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-engeli ye-caster ye-kingpin ihlala ingashintshile lapho isondo ligxuma liye phezulu naphansi.I-thrust rod ephambanayo igibele ibhande le-longitudinal kwesokunxele kanye nobakaki ohlangothini lwesokudla lwe-ekseli yangaphambili.I-buffer block ifakwa ngaphansi kwemishayo emibili yobude.Ngenxa yokuthi isiphethu se-oyela-pneumatic sifakwe phakathi kohlaka ne-ekseli, njengento enwebekayo, singadambisa amandla okuthonya asuka endaweni yomgwaqo esondweni lapho sidluliselwa kuhlaka, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sinciphise ukudlidliza okulandelayo. .Ama-thrust rod aphezulu naphansi asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amandla e-longitudinal futhi amelane nomzuzu wokusabela obangelwa amandla okubhuleka.Ama-thrust rod angemuva adlulisa amandla asemaceleni.

Lapho isiphethu segesi kawoyela sisetshenziswa elolini lezentengiselwano elinomthwalo omkhulu, ivolumu nesisindo salo kuncane kunokwentwasahlobo yamaqabunga futhi inezici zokuqina eziguquguqukayo, kodwa inezidingo eziphakeme zokuvala nokugcinwa okunzima.I-oil-pneumatic suspension ifanele amaloli okuhweba anemithwalo esindayo.

Ukusakaza Okuzimele Kokuhlela Okumisiwe

Ukumiswa okuzimele kusho ukuthi amasondo ohlangothini ngalunye alengiswe kuhlaka noma umzimba ngokumiswa okunwebekayo.Izinzuzo zayo yilezi: isisindo esincane, ukunciphisa umthelela emzimbeni, nokuthuthukisa ukunamathela phansi kwamasondo;iziphethu ezithambile ezinokuqina okuncane zingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukunethezeka kwemoto;isikhundla senjini singehliswa, futhi isikhungo se-gravity yemoto singabuye sehliswe, ngaleyo ndlela Kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kokushayela kwemoto;amasondo angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla agxuma ngokuzimela futhi azimele, okunganciphisa ukutsheka nokudlidliza komzimba wemoto.Kodwa-ke, ukumiswa okuzimele kunemibi yesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, izindleko eziphezulu kanye nokugcinwa okungalungile.Izimoto eziningi zesimanje zisebenzisa ukumiswa okuzimele.Ngokwamafomu ahlukene esakhiwo, ukumiswa okuzimele kungahlukaniswa kube ukumiswa kwe-wishbone, ukumiswa kwengalo elandelanayo, ukumiswa kwama-multi-link, ukumiswa kwamakhandlela, nokumiswa kwe-MacPherson.

isifiso

Ukumiswa kwe-cross-arm kusho ukumiswa okuzimele lapho amasondo enyakaza endizeni ephambanayo yemoto.Ihlukaniswe yaba yi-double-arm suspension kanye ne-single-arm suspension ngokwenani lezingalo eziphambanayo.

Uhlobo olulodwa lwe-wishbone lunezinzuzo zesakhiwo esilula, isikhungo esiphezulu se-roll kanye nekhono eliqinile lokulwa ne-roll.Kodwa-ke, ngokwanda kwejubane lezimoto zesimanje, isikhungo se-roll ephezulu kakhulu sizodala ushintsho olukhulu emzileni wamasondo lapho amasondo egxuma, futhi ukuguga kwesondo kuzokwanda.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudluliswa kwamandla aqondile amasondo angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla kuzoba kukhulu kakhulu ngesikhathi sokujika okubukhali, okuholela ekwandeni kwe-camber yamasondo angemuva.Ukuqina kwamakhona kwesondo langemuva kuyancishiswa, okuholela ezimweni ezinzima zokukhukhuleka komsila ngesivinini esikhulu.I-single-wishbone ezimele isetshenziswa kakhulu ekumisweni okungemuva, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokushayela ngesivinini esiphezulu, ayisetshenziswa kakhulu okwamanje.

Ukumiswa okuzimele kwe-double-wishbone kuhlukaniswe ngokulingana okulinganayo kwethambo le-double-wishbone nokumiswa okungalingani kobude be-double-wishbone ngokuya ngokuthi izingalo eziphambanayo ezingenhla nezingezansi ziyalingana ngobude.Ukumiswa kobude obulinganayo be-double wishbone kungagcina ukuthambekela kwe-kingpin kungashintshi lapho isondo ligxuma liye phezulu naphansi, kodwa i-wheelbase ishintsha kakhulu (ifana nokumiswa kwethambo elilodwa), okubangela ukuguga okukhulu nokudabuka kwesondo, futhi akusavamile ukusetshenziswa manje. .Ngokumiswa okungalingani kobude be-double-wishbone, inqobo nje uma ubude bethambo lesifiso eliphezulu neliphansi likhethwe kahle futhi lenziwe lalungiswa, futhi ngohlelo oluphusile, izinguquko ze-wheelbase nemingcele yokuqondisa isondo langaphambili zingagcinwa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eyamukelekayo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuthi imoto Inokusimama okuhle ekushayeleni.Njengamanje i-suspension ye-double-wishbone enobude obungalingani isisetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphambili nangemuva kwezimoto, kanti amasondo angemuva kwezinye izimoto zezemidlalo nezimoto zomjaho nawo asebenzisa lesi sakhiwo sokumiswa.